definition - Human Resource Exploitation Manual
Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983 Prohibition Against Using Force The use of force, mental torture, threats, insults, or exposure to unpleasant and inhumane treatment of any kind as an aid to interrogation is prohibited by law, both international and domestic; it is neither authorized nor condoned. DOD/CIA Human Resources Exploitation (Torture) Manual (1983) Posted on December 22, 2018 December 22, 2018 Author Eric Karlstrom Leave a comment.
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Lo Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual è un documento classificato della CIA, datato 1983, poi desecretato dalla NSA. Fondamentalmente si tratta di tecniche non ortodosse di interrogatorio, suddivise in base alla tipologia del prigioniero. Il manuale è stato utilizzato per l'addestramento degli ufficiali dell'America Latina, principalmente colombiani, presso la School of Americas.
Origini
Si crede che il manuale sia stato sviluppato secondo le linee guida del Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation, unitamente ai manuali operativi sul campo dello U.S. Military Intelligence, scritti intorno alla metà degli anni sessanta come parte dello Army's Foreign Intelligence Assistance Program, il cosiddetto 'Project X'. In seguito venne utilizzato dai 'Berretti verdi' (United States Army Special Forces) tra il 1983 e il 1987 per addestrare ufficiali della School of Americas, tra cui alcuni del regime di Augusto Pinochet.
Nel 1988 un'interrogazione alla Commissione del Senato USA per l'Intelligence sugli abusi delle milizie in Nicaragua (scandalo Iran-Contras) ha portato alla revisione del testo. Il 24 gennaio1997 la NSA declassifica il manuale. La fonte ufficiale che pubblica questo documento è il National Security Archive presso la George Washington University.
Disclaimer
Il manuale riporta, tra le varie correzioni, il seguente testo:
- 'We will discuss some of those coercive techniques that have been used by many, and the reasons why we are against the use of these techniques.'
- Tratteremo alcune delle tecniche coercitive maggiormente usate, e le ragioni per cui siamo contrari all'uso di queste tecniche
Il testo è stato introdotto in seguito alle interrogazioni della Commissione per l'Intelligence del 1988, ed inoltre è stata aggiunta la Prohibition against the use of force, che si riporta in figura.
Tuttavia, nella pagina A-2, paragrafo D nonostante le correzioni è possibile leggere il vecchio testo:
- D. SUCCESSFULL 'QUESTIONING' IS BASED UPON A KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND UPON THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES WHICH ARE NOT DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. WE WILL BE DISCUSSING TWO TYPES OF TECHNIQUES, COERCIVE AND NON-COERCIVE. WHILE WE DO NOT STRESS THE USE OF COERCIVE TECHNIQUES, WE DO WANT TO MAKE YOU AWARE OF THEM AND THE PROPER WAY TO USE THEM.
- Un interrogatorio riuscito si basa sulla conoscenza del soggetto e sull'uso di tecniche psicologiche che non sono difficili da comprendere. Discuteremo due tipi di tecniche, coercitive e non coercitive. Pur non incoraggiando l'uso di tecniche coercitive, vogliamo mettere in luce la loro esistenza e il loro corretto uso
Dopo la correzione il testo diventa:
- WHILE WE DEPLORE THE USE OF COERCIVE TECHNIQUES, WE DO WANT TO MAKE YOU AWARE OF THEM SO THAT YOU MAY AVOID THEM.
- Pur deplorando l'uso di tecniche coercitive, vogliamo mettere in luce la loro esistenza in modo che possiate evitarle
Disclaimer
Indice delle correzioni
Pagina A-2
Voci correlate
Collegamenti esterni
- (EN) School of Americas Report
- (EN) School of the Assassins, International Socialist Review, 9, 1999
- (EN) Testo del manuale Parte IParte II
- (EN) Prisoner Abuse: Patterns from the past dal sito 'The National Security Archive' (George Washington University), USA
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The U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals areseven controversial military training manuals which weredeclassified by the Pentagon in 1996. In 1997, two additional CIAmanuals were declassified in response to a Freedom ofInformation Act (FOIA) request filed by the Baltimore Sun. The manuals in question havebeen referred to as 'the Torture Manuals' by many US mediasources.[2][3][4]
Contents
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Armymanuals
These manuals were prepared by the U.S. military and usedbetween 1987 and 1991 for intelligence training courses at the U.S.Army School of theAmericas (SOA). Some of the material was similar to the olderCIA manuals described below. The manuals were also distributed bySpecial Forces Mobile Training Teams to military personnel andintelligence schools in Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Peru.[5][6][7][8][5][9]
The Pentagon press release accompanying the release stated thata 1991-92 investigation into the manuals concluded that 'two dozenshort passages in six of the manuals, which total 1169 pages,contained material that either was not or could be interpreted notto be consistent with U.S. policy.'[5]
The Latin America Working Group criticized this: 'The unstatedaim of the manuals is to train Latin American militaries toidentify and suppress anti-government movements. Throughout theeleven hundred pages of the manuals, there are few mentions ofdemocracy, human rights, or the rule of law. Instead, the manualsprovide detailed techniques for infiltrating social movements,interrogating suspects, surveillance, maintaining military secrecy,recruiting and retaining spies, and controlling the population.While the excerpts released by the Pentagon are a useful and notmisleading selection of the most egregious passages, the ones mostclearly advocating torture, execution and blackmail, they do notprovide adequate insight into the manuals' highly objectionableframework. In the name of defending democracy, the manuals advocateprofoundly undemocratic methods.'[5]
After this 1992 investigation, the Department ofDefense discontinued the use of the manuals, directed theirrecovery to the extent practicable, and destroyed the copies in thefield. U.S. Southern Command advised governments in Latin Americathat the manuals contained passages that did not represent U.S.government policy, and pursued recovery of the manuals from thegovernments and some individual students.[10]Notably, DavidAddington and DickCheney retained personal copies of the training manuals.[11]
Soon after The army created FM 34-52 IntelligenceInterrogation manual. This was used by the U.S. Army until2007.
CIAmanuals
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The first manual, 'KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation,'dated July 1963, is the source of much of the material in thesecond manual. KUBARK was a U.S. Central Intelligence Agencycryptonym for the CIA itself.[13]The cryptonym KUBARK appears in the title of a1963 CIA document KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogationwhich describes interrogation techniques, including,among other things, 'coercive counterintelligence interrogation ofresistant sources'. This is the oldest and most abusive manual,such as two references to the use of electric shock.[13]
The second manual, 'Human Resource Exploitation TrainingManual - 1983,' was used in at least seven U.S. trainingcourses conducted in Latin American countries, including Honduras,between 1982 and 1987. According to a declassified 1989 reportprepared for the Senate intelligence committee, the 1983 manual wasdeveloped from notes of a CIA interrogation course in Honduras.[4]
Both manuals deal exclusively with interrogation.[14][15]Both manuals have an entire chapter devoted to 'coercivetechniques.' These manuals recommend arresting suspects early inthe morning by surprise, blindfolding them, and stripping themnaked. Suspects should be held incommunicado and should be deprivedof any kind of normal routine in eating and sleeping. Interrogationrooms should be windowless, soundproof, dark and withouttoilets.
The manuals advise that torture techniques can backfire and thatthe threat of pain is often more effective than pain itself. Themanuals describe coercive techniques to be used 'to inducepsychological regression in the subject by bringing a superioroutside force to bear on his will to resist.' These techniquesinclude prolonged constraint, prolonged exertion, extremes of heat,cold, or moisture, deprivation of food or sleep, disruptingroutines, solitary confinement, threats of pain, deprivation ofsensory stimuli, hypnosis, and use of drugs or placebos.[5][16]
Between 1984 and 1985, after congressional committees beganquestioning training techniques being used by the CIA in LatinAmerica, the 1983 manual went through substantial revision. In 1985a page advising against using coercive techniques was inserted atthe front of Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual.Handwritten changes were also introduced haphazardly into the text.For example, 'While we do not stress the use of coercivetechniques, we do want to make you aware of them and the proper wayto use them,' has been altered to, 'While we deplore the use ofcoercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them so thatyou may avoid them.' (p. A-2) But the entire chapter on coercivetechniques is still provided with some items crossed out.[4][5]
Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual
The same manual states the importance of knowing local lawsregarding detention but then notes, 'Illegal detention alwaysrequires prior HQS [headquarters] approval.' (p. B-2)[5]
The two manuals were completely declassified and released to thepublic in May 2004, and are now available online.[13]
The 1983 manual andBattalion 316
In 1983, the Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983methods were used by the U.S.-trained Honduran Battalion 316.[7]
On January 24, 1997, KUBARK CounterintelligenceInterrogation and Human Resource Exploitation TrainingManual - 1983 were declassified in response to a FOIA request filed by the Baltimore Sun in 1994. The Baltimore Sunwas investigating the 'kidnapping, torture and murder' of theHonduran Battalion 316 death squad. The documents were releasedonly after the Baltimore Sun had threatened to sue the CIA.[4][17]
In the June 11 to 18, 1995 four-part series, the Baltimore Sunprinted excerpts of an interview with Florencio Caballero, a formermember of Battalion 316. Caballero said CIA instructors taught himto discover what his prisoners loved and what they hated, 'If aperson did not like cockroaches, then that person might be morecooperative if there were cockroaches running around the room'[4]The methods taught in the 1983 manual and those used by Battalion316 in the early 1980s show unmistakable similarities. In 1983,Caballero attended a CIA 'human resources exploitation orinterrogation course,' according to declassified testimony byRichard Stolz, who was the deputy director for operations at thetime, before the June 1988 Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.The manual advises an interrogator to 'manipulate the subject'senvironment, to create unpleasant or intolerable situations.'
The manual gives the suggestion that prisoners be deprived of sleep and food, and made tomaintain rigid positions, such as standing at attention for longperiods. Ines Consuelo Murillo, who spent 78 days in Battalion316's secret jails in 1983, said she was given no food or water fordays, and one of her captors entered her room every 10 minutes andpoured water over her head to keep her from sleeping.[4]
The 'Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual -- 1983' givesthe suggestion that interrogators show the prisoner letters fromhome to give the prisoner the impression that the prisoner'srelatives are in danger or suffering.[4]
The Baltimore Sun reported that, former Battalion 316 memberJose Barrera said he was taught interrogation methods by U.S.instructors in 1983, used this technique: 'The first thing we wouldsay is that we know your mother, your younger brother. And betteryou cooperate, because if you don't, we're going to bring them inand rape them and torture them and kill them.' [4]
See also
References
- ^ ab'Fact Sheet ConcerningTraining Manuals Containing Materials Inconsistent With U.S. PolicyFrom the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense/PublicAffairs Office'. gwu.edu. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/archive/news/dodmans.htm. Retrieved November 7,2007.
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- ^ abcdefghCohn, Gary; Ginger Thompson, MarkMatthews (27 January 1997). 'Torture was taught by CIA;Declassified manual details the methods used in Honduras; Agencydenials refuted'. The Baltimore Sun
- ^ abcdefghHaugaard, Lisa. 'Declassified Army and CIAManuals Used in Latin America: An Analysis of Their Content'.Latin America Working Group. http://www.lawg.org/misc/Publications-manuals.htm.Detailedanalysis of the torture manuals released by the Pentagon. 'TheCI agent could cause the arrest of the employee's parents, imprisonthe employee or give him a beating as part of the placement plan ofsaid employee in the guerilla organization.' 'Handling of Sources,'p. 75
- ^
- ^ abHodge, James; Linda Cooper (November5 2004). 'Roots of Abu Ghraib in CIAtechniques'. National CatholicReporter. http://ncronline.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2004d/110504/110504a.php.
- ^Gill, Lesley (2004). The School ofthe Americas: Military Training and Political Violence in theAmericas. Duke University Press. ISBN0-8223-3392-9. p. 49
*Priest, Dana (September 21 1996).'U.S. Instructed Latins OnExecutions, Torture; Manuals Used 1982-91, Pentagon Reveals'.TheWashington Post: Section: A Pg. A01 - ^
- ^
- ^http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/05/18/torture/index.html|Retrievedfrom Salon.com on May 18th 2009
- ^'Unmatched Power, UnmetPrinciples: The Human Rights Dimensions of US Training of ForeignMilitary and Police Forces 2002 Report of Amnesty International USA(Amnesty International USA)'. Amnesty International. 2002
*'Pentagon InvestigationConcludes that Techniques in SOA manuals were ‘mistakes.’'. SOAWatch. February 21, 1997. http://www.soaw.org/new/article.php?id=269. Retrieved April 14,2006. - ^ abc'Prisoner Abuse: Patterns fromthe Past'. National Security Archive Electronic BriefingBook No. 122. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB122/index.htm. Retrieved2006-09-05.
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Externallinks
GovernmentFiles
- Human Resource ExploitationTraining Manual-1983 [PDF file]
- KUBARK CounterintelligenceInterrogation-July 1963 [PDF file]
- Prisoner Abuse: Patterns fromthe Past, U.S. National Security Archive,May 12, 2004.
- Fact Sheet Concerning TrainingManuals Containing Materials Inconsistent With U.S. Policy Fromthe Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense/Public AffairsOffice. From the National SecurityArchive.
- CIA Interrogation TrainingManual, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual1983.
- Prisoner Abuse: Patterns fromthe Past, U.S. National Security Archive,May 12, 2004.
- CIA manuals used in LatinAmerica, Latin America Working Group, February 18,1997.
Otherlinks
Baltimore Sun series:
Human Resource Exploitation Manual
- Torturers' confessions,Baltimore Sun, June 13, 1995, Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson,accessed April 14, 2007.
- Glimpses of the'disappeared', Baltimore Sun, June 11, 1995, Gary Cohn andGinger Thompson, accessed April 14, 2007.
- When a wave of torture andmurder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty,Baltimore Sun, June 11, 1995, Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson,accessed April 14, 2007.
- A survivor tells herstory, Baltimore Sun, June 15, 1995, Gary Cohn and GingerThompson, accessed April 14, 2007.
- A carefully crafteddeception, Baltimore Sun, June 18, 1995, Gary Cohn and GingerThompson, accessed April 14, 2007.
- Former envoy to Honduras sayshe did what he could, Baltimore Sun, December 15, 1995, GaryCohn and Ginger Thompson, accessed April 14, 2007.